iPhone keeps a dated location history, but only for the device itself: Settings → Privacy & Security → Location Services → System Services → Significant Locations. It is behind Face ID, it shows places with timestamps and how often you were there, and it is the closest thing iOS has to a location log.
What it does and does not contain. Significant Locations records places visited, not a breadcrumb trail — no route, no street-level path. Apple keeps roughly the last month on-device. If the phone has Google Maps installed with Location History enabled, Google's Timeline (maps.google.com/timeline) has a far more detailed day-by-day record, but only for that Google account and only if the setting was on.
If you are the parent and the phone is in your family group. Family Sharing → Location sharing gives live position, not history. Screen Time has no location history at all, despite what some guides claim.
If you hold the Apple ID. iCloud backups do not contain a location archive; services that advertise "iPhone location history" are showing you either Google Timeline or the Significant Locations list from a synced device.
Where our app fits. Ultimate Phone Spy runs on Android 4.0+, Windows and macOS (supported devices). On Android it keeps a timestamped location history you can open by date in the dashboard, which is the same view Google Timeline gives, without switching accounts. On iPhone we have no product — use Significant Locations and Google Timeline above.